Medicare and a never-event involving a patient transfer case Essay

Medicare and a never-event involving a patient transfer case - Essay Example According to Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (n.d), the main factors that determine whether patients that are at risk of pressure ulcers receive proper health care can be categorized into three broad areas: clinical services accessibility, quality of clinical services, social factors and economic factors. Patients that are risk of pressure ulcers should be in a position to access the clinical services in time. These services can be categorized into three: skin assessment that is comprehensive in nature, standardized risk assessment and the planning for pressure ulcer care (Healthcare Research and Quality, n.d). Each of these categories is important and should be well performed. These steps enable clinicians to avoid overlooking when it comes to clinical care that is evidence based. The quality of clinical services is a factor in the sense that, for example, in the case of skin assessment (comprehensive), the skin in its totality should be examined keenly for abnormalities. This shouldn’t be done only through looking, but touching also especially the bony areas of the body (Healthcare Research and Quality, n.d). When this is not done properly, then the pressure ulcer will not be able to be identified in its early stage. Social factors hold that there is need to take care of those who are at risk of pressure ulcers due to the impossibility of moving the body parts for example. There should be close links that see to it that these people are assisted in way possible and taken to hospital when need be. The economic factors play a role, especially when it comes to the material that the potential pressure ulcer patient sits or lies in. The comfortable resting facilities are expensive and therefore only few can afford those of the best qualities, for example a wheelchair (Healthcare Research and Quality, n.d). The administration needs to come up with rules and regulation if not laws like

Abolition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Abolition - Research Paper Example Various activities supported this principle aimed at achieving that goal. The concept is historical because all countries in the world have abolished slavery, as many international organizations among them the United Nations require member countries to ratify abolitionism. Abolitionism was a major reform movement in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The doctrine to end slavery was to free millions of black people detained and used as slaves across the world. Other terms refer to abolitionism among them abolition movement and antislavery movement. The movement started by Africans resisting slave trade and slavery, eighteenth century notions regarding universally acceptable human rights, changing ideas in interpreting Christian morality, and changes in the economy status of the world (Oakes, 2013). This led to abolitionists dividing into two extremes with one group advocating for immediate end to slavery and slave trade while others fought for gradual end to the same. In the mid nineteenth century, the terminology abolitionism referred to the struggle to end slavery immediately. Early stages In the entire America and Western Europe, abolitionism was a rights movement whose proponents wanted to end set slave trade and in the process set slaves free. Bartholomew de las Casas, a Dominican priest influenced Spain to become the first European nation to legislate laws that legally abolished slavery by 1542. However, three years down the line, pressure from the bourgeoisie who were the beneficiaries forced the same country to weaken the laws reversing the gains made by early abolitionists. Evangelical Christians and Quakers fought hard against slave trade and slavery in the seventeenth century terming them un-Christian acts. The movement gained momentum in eighteenth century when rational thinkers among the elite in the society accused the beneficiaries calling the entire process a violation of human rights. It is important to note that although early abolitionis ts put in a lot of effort, the gains were not immediate as centers of slavery still existed. Centers were in Countries in South America and United States as well West Indies. The movement started in England after the Somerset’s case of 1772. Eight years later the state of Pennsylvania enacted laws that aimed at the gradual end to slavery within its area of jurisdiction (Wilson, 1990). Although there was no official law abolishing slavery in Massachusetts, the promulgation of the Massachusetts constitution ended slavery. The European colonization of countries in America increased the dependence on race-based slavery where Africans and their descendants were forced to work the farms. The process reached its apex in the sixteen century. This degree reached Great Britain’s North American colonies in the mid seventeen century. These countries later become the United States. Antislavery movements started because of the rights denied to slaves and other inhumane acts. In the United States for instance, slaves lost customary rights, passed their un-free status over to their children and respective descendants, and served for life. Individual efforts of the enslaved to free from slavery included self-purchase, escape, rebellion, and seeking redress from courts. Some of the early major revolts were in America as early as the first decade of the eighteenth century in South Carolina and New York City. Major efforts towards resistance to abolish slavery and slave trade from organizations in the United States came from Quakers, the Society of Friends who believed and spread the idea that slavery was physically dangerous and sinful to both the victim and the beneficiary. Leaders of the society including Antony Benezet from Pennsylvania and John Woolman from New Jersey

Disaster: The Nepal Earthquake

Disaster: The Nepal Earthquake Major Event: Disaster The Nepal Earthquake ; Figure 1: Mounting damage Presented by: Steven Eu Su Shian   PLAN INTRODUCTION A tragedy happened two years ago on April 25th, 2015 in an Asian country called Nepal. It also; known; as The Nepal Earthquake. It caused a lot of difficulties to the Nepalese citizens and also it drew a lot of attention from the people around the world. The purpose of this report is to provide; information about The Nepal Earthquake. This report will pay particular attention to the effects after Nepal Earthquake happened, the economic impact and also the effects on the Nepalese citizens. METHODOLOGY The information for this report were all found from the Internet. Besides, there will be some recommendations in the concluding part. MAIN POINTS A) The effects after the earthquake happened After the earthquake happened, Revd Lewis Lew described that the effects of the tremendous 7.9 magnitude that happened in the 80 km far in northwest of the capital city, Kathmandu and the after-effect after an hour were shocking. Besides, according to the National Emergency Operation Centre, at the minimum 3617 people were killed by the earthquake, and also above 6500 people were injured during the earthquake. On the other hand, more than hundreds people from the neighbouring countries such as China, India and Bangladesh were also killed by the earthquake. Moreover, huge damage to the assets and the substructures such as banks has been reported in Kathmandu and the distant villages, access to which has been split by the mudslides. Furthermore, according to Dean Revd Lewis Lew, plenty of buildings collapsed, particularly those in old Kathmandu City. And also, a lot of survivors were in bad shape, they were all waiting for the medical treatment. ; Figure 2: Hospitals in the street B) The economic impact The early evaluations of the economic impact caused by The Nepal Earthquake were astonishing. The total of the economic impact in Nepal is evaluated to be above $10 billion USD, which is also 50 percent of the countrys gross domestic product-GDP (https://qz.com/409848), according to the Nepalese government. Next, the Nepalese government could also spend as much as 5 billion USD or even more than that as the budget for the different kind of infrastructures such as houses, highways or bridges. On the other hand, the damages and destruction of the apartment buildings and houses caused by the earthquake has had a serious impact. The rentals, housing price and the land price could possibly affected by; the earthquake . For the examples the house prices might increase, and also the rental distension could also happen in Nepal. It might also increase the burden of the citizens in the future. C) The effects on the citizens After the tremendous earthquake that happened on April 25th, 2015 in Nepal, according to the United Nations (www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32492232), eight million Nepalese citizens were affected, which was more than 25 percent of the countrys population. Besides, eight million people from 39 different areas were affected, and the major problems were lack of food, water and electricity supplies. Furthermore, according to an American doctor Rebecca McAteer (www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32492232) majority of houses were destroyed. Not only that but also most of the citizens were being displaced and the young people had to leave to find the work. Moreover, the camps were also set up on a park, with the rubbish around such as paper plates, packages, and plastic glasses. One of the men who was living there with his spouse and his four children said that they were not going home even though they were still able to live in their house. He explained the reason why they refused to live in their house was because of they have heard the stories about more earthquake and after-effects. In addition, the hospitals were also not able to handle the massive numbers of the citizens who were in need of the medical treatment. And this caused some of them started to complain on the medical service. ; Figure 3: Cremating victims CONCLUSION In conclusion, it would be useful if we could know more about the Nepal Earthquake that happened on 25th, 2015. As the report mentioned earlier, Nepal Earthquake has caused a lot of troubles and difficulties to the Nepalese citizens. For example it caused massive numbers of death, food, water and electricity supplies shortage, economic impact and also the displaced problems. From the information, perhaps the Nepalese government can begin to implement some methods to prevent the next potential earthquake .For instance the government can organise a conference about an earthquake such as what should the citizens do during the earthquake, or government can also begin to plan a better evacuation plan for the citizens so that the government and the citizens can be well prepared for the next earthquake and minimize the effection after an earthquake. Bibliography Effect of earthquake devastating report Anglican Deanery of Nepal. Retrieved March 7, 2017. From www.anglicannews.org/news 2015/04/effects-of-earthquake-devastating-report-anglican-deanery-of-nepal.aspx Karnik,(2015,May). The economic damage from the Nepal earthquake is almost half of the countrys GDP. Retrieved March 7,2017. From https://qz.com/409848 Nepal earthquake: Eight million people affected, UN says. Retrieved March 7, 2017. From www.bbc.com/news /world-asia-32492232 Figure 1. Damaged houses. Adapted from: ,20 Pictures reveal Nepals heartbreaking Earthquake devastation, By Nicole Werbeck, and Mallory Benedict, 2015, April 26th, National Geographic, p.1. Copyright 2015 by National Geographic. Figure 2. Survivor after the medical treatment. Adapted from: 20 Pictures reveal Nepals heartbreaking Earthquake devastation, By Nicole Werbeck and Mallory Benedict, 2015, April 26th, National Geographic, p.19. Copyright 2015 by National Geographic. Figure 3. Heartbreaking moment for the victims family. Adapted from: 20 Pictures reveal Nepals heartbreaking Earthquake devastation, By Nicole Werbeck and Mallory Benedict, 2015, April 26th, National Geographic, p.8. Copyright 2015 by National Geographic. Saudi Pak Commercial Bank: Analysis Saudi Pak Commercial Bank: Analysis THE VISION To transform the Bank into a modern, dynamic and premier service oriented institution. THE MISSION â€Å"To turnaround the Bank into a leading commercial bank by ensuring transparency, promoting technology, improving quality of human resource, providing premium services to customers, and adding value for all stakeholders.† Statement Of Ethics And Business Practices: The code of ethics established by Saudi Pak Commercial Bank Limited sets forth the guiding principles through which we operate and conduct our daily business with our shareholders, customers, vendors and with other group companies. These principles also apply to the officers and employees of the Bank Our Customers: We operate as customer oriented Bank and serve our customers with the highest standard of skill and service In dealing with our customers, we comply with legal, statutory and regulatory requirements We ensure transparency in operations. Our Shareholders We strive to maximize the value for our shareholders and minimize the risk of dilution in the value of shareholders through adequate risk management. Our Staff Our staff observes a high standard of integrity and demonstrates befitting conduct and behavior. In performing their duties, our staff shows sense of responsibility and team spirit. Concerted efforts are made to promote congenial corporate culture in the Bank. Credit Operations. We conduct the credit operations under clearly spelt out policies and procedures and review the policies and procedures periodically to suit changing conditions. Our credit operations are transparent and the credit decisions are made with prudence. We keep adequate provisioning against doubtful loans as per State Bank of Pakistan guidelines and ensure that the internal controls are in place and are observed in right earnest. Risk Management: We have designed and placed a proper system to identigy, measure and control the material risks. Social Responsibility: We recognize our wider social responsibility in terms of the contribution we can make to the well being of the communities in which we operate. We do not make donations to or extend any financing to or take any exposure towards any political parties. Maintaining Confidentiality: We attach great importance to safeguarding the confidentiality of data concerning the its customers and other business relationships. We do not disclose information about our customers to third parties without the customers consent unless there is a clear legal or regulatory obligation to do so. CHAPTER # 2 REVIEW OF DIFFERENT DEPARTMENT Car Financing Scheme As all banks are moving towards consumer Banking. Saudi Pak Commercial moves towards consumer Banking through Car Financing Scheme. They start Car financing Scheme in the month of June to Satisfy the needs of the customer. Competitor: As Mirpur (AJK) is the only well flourished industrial city of Azad Kashmir, so there is large variety of Financial Institute and Banks and the changing attitude of banks towards consumer banking is one of the major reason of competition. Some of the major competitors are Bolan Bank Citi Bank PICIC Commercial Bank Faysal Bank Prime Bank MCB HBL Out of these banks major threat was from HBL, Bolan Bank and Faysal Bank. Usually the customers look forward for low Markup rate, so these banks were giving low markup rates, but they were also charging the hidden charges. Saudi Pak Commercial Bank Car Financing Scheme: As the rising demand in the market, Saudi Pak Commercial Bank Limited start the car financing scheme in month of June. Down Payment Options: Saudi Pak Commercial Bank Limited gives the large variety of down payments. The range of down payments varies from 10% to 60% to original value of the car. Secondly the loan amortization schedule can vary between 12 months and five years time period. So you has the large variety of options to pay the installments according to your convenience. One of the most important and plus point of Saudi Pak Commercial Bank car financing scheme is that they offer the variety of cars which are available in the market such as: Toyota Honda Suzuki Hyundai Fiat Nissan Saudi Pak Commercial Bank Limited offers the free insurance to their customer Age Limit: The age limit to apply for car financing Scheme is between 21 and 50. this is only for individuals. Eligibility Basically Saudi Pak Commercial Bank divides its customer in three groups on the basis of probability of the consumer to pay back the installments within time Group A: Group A usually include the executive class or regular premium customer of the banks and well known organizations. In business class the customer who are including in Group A are working in the specific profession or kind of business from the last five years and their mostly income is at least Rs. 30,000/-. Instead of business class we also include the high authority Government servants in this class. Those whose scale is above eighteen. The people who are including in Group A usually get loan more easily because they are consider the most reliable customer. Group B: Group B includes the customer who are running the individual business and small organization and they are working in that field from the last two years. In that group usually includes the shopkeepers and small organization such as cable operator Group C: Group C is the group which we usually dont prefer to give the loan and the chances of recommendation of their loans are very low, usually customers who belongs to that group are businessman having income less than Twelve thousands and organization such as Rent A Car Services. Documentations: The following documents are required Application Form ID Card photo copy Bank Statements Three years proof of tax return Salary Slip ( For Salaried Person) Process: Step 1: Filling Application Form: The first step involve in applying for Car Financing Scheme is to fill the application form along with the documents mentioned above. Customer should fill the application form very carefully. They should mentioned right data about themselves, any wrong or incorrect data may reject the application form. Step 2: Approval of Application Form from the Branch: Second step is the approval of application form from the branch. Bank officer examine the application form. If the customer fulfill the requirements mentioned above bank accept the application and send this application to the head office for further approval. Step 3: Delivery of Car: If the head office find no objection in application form and eligibility criteria of car financing. They send approval letter to the bank. After the approval car delivered on the basis of availability of car in the showroom. If the customer financed the car on the market price basis than the bank deliver the car just after the approval otherwise on the availability. Deposits Department Deposit is the main functional unit of any commercial bank. It is the primary function of commercial bank. Main function of commercial bank is to get money from the customer and give some markup on that amount. Two types of deposits are offered by the Saudi Pak Commercial Bank. Call Deposits: These are payable on demand. They include current account, sundry deposit (e.g. margin account) and call deposit receipt. No profit is given on demand deposits. Time Deposit: Payable on demand with certain maturity. Attracts profit with respect to time. TYPE OF ACCOUNTS: Let us now turn to procedures to be followed in cases of each type of account. Individual Account: Such accounts may be classified and gentlemen Account of literate ladies and gentlemen. Account of illiterate ladies and gentlemen. Account of Parda observing ladies. Joint Account. Minor Account 1: In case of illiterate ladies and gents, the following precautions are observed in addition to those provided in the above guidelines. Two photographs are to be obtained. One to be pasted on account opening form and the other on specimen signature card Instead of signatures, left had thumb impression to be obtained on the specimen card from gents and right hand thumb impression from the ladies. Each time such customer should attend the bank personally and will put their thumb impression on the cheques before the passing officer. Such customers should be advised not to issue cheques payable to 3rd parties. Cheque should be marked â€Å"Payment in person† to ensure even if the cheque is presented through clearing that particular cheque can only be paid in person. 2: the problems arise particularly in case of parda observing ladies. Some serious complication are involved in this concern. As for as possible, they should be encouraged to open a joint account with their close family members. 3: when more than one person opens account but the relationship between them is neither of trustees nor partners, it would be termed as joint account. Whenever such account is opened, definite instructions regarding operations on the accounts and payment of balance in case of death of any one of them should be obtained. In absence of any instructions for the accounts operations, all the joint account holders should sign the cheques for withdrawal of amount from their accounts. Likewise, definite instructions must also be obtain for payment of balance in the account in the event of death of any of the joint account holders. For this purpose all the joint account holders are required to sign account opening form as well as either or survivorship declaration. In operation of joint accounts, following important points are required to be remembered: Any member of the joint account may lodge stop payment instruction of any cheque with the bank and the bank shall honor such instructions. However, all the members must sign removal of these instruction. The member of joint account may wish to delegate authority to any third person to operate upon the accounts. However such a mandate is necessarily to be signed by all the members. Any mandate, reference to which is given herein 2ne above, becomes automatically rescinded or cancelled when the bank come to know of death, insolvency or insanity of any of the members In case, any of the members of the joint account becomes insolvent or insane operation on the account should be stopped and instruction to be required for payment of the balance amount from the remaining solvent and same members. In case, any of the member of the joint account dies, operation on the account must be stopped and balance in account is to be paid as per instructions recorded with the bank. Accounts of Partnership Firm: While opening accounts of the partnership firm, the partnership deed from registered firms is required to be obtained in addition to account opening form and specimen signature card. The partnership letter is incorporated in the account opening form , which must also be signed by all the partners of the firm weather registered or un-registered. In these accounts, the following points are required to be remembered. For Example: The account opening form must be signed by all the partners. The names of persons authorized to operate the account must neatly and correctly given in the account opening form. For partnership concern carrying on the business under impersonal names, it is generally described that the title of account should show name of the partners of Managing Partners. CASH DEPARTMENT Two most important tasks of bank are performed in the cash department and they are Payments Receipts In Payments cheques are presented to the bank against which payment is made. In Receipts, money is deposited with the bank and the bank issues a receipt against it. PROCEDURE Step I Customer presents his cheque over the counter, the person receiving it checks whether it is Drawn on a particular branch Date is correctly written on the cheque it should be neither stale nor post-dated. Amounts in words figures match. Duly signed by the payee on the front and back of the cheque. Step II After going through step `1 the cheque is sent to another person who verifies the signatures of the customer with his/her signatures on `SS card. Step III The cheque is sent to another officer who checks the account to see whether the account has sufficient balance to meet the payment or not. If the amount is more than Rs.10,000 then the cheque is approved by two persons they are Department Incharge Operational Manager If the amount is more than Rs.1000000 then the cheque is authenticated by three person they are Department Incharge Operational Manager Chief Manager Crossed Cheque These cheques are stamped with payees account only. This cheque is not directly paid on the counter, rather the payment is made through account of the customer to the one whose name is mentioned on the cheque. SCHOOL COMPANY BILLS Fees and dues submitted by companies and schools are in the form of bills. All these bills are credited to the bank. POSITION SLIP Some companies school have been given overdrawn facility. This slip is attached to those cheques of those schools and companies when officer has a doubt about paying those cheques. This position slip is attached to these cheques to inform the manager about their current position situation. Then if chief manager approves it then the payment is made otherwise not. CHEQUE RETURNED MEMO If the cheque presented by customer is returned because of the reason that the account does not has the required balance then the customer has this facility that he can submit cheque returned memo. But this memo is given to him on his own request. INCIDENTAL CHARGES `CD account should have a minimum balance of Rs.10,000. If in the account during six months at any time the balance of account goes below Rs.10,000. Then incidental charges of Rs.200 are charged from the customer. RETURN OF A CHEQUE A cheque is returned to the customer if the account balance is less than the amount of money demanded. ISSUANCE OF BANK STATEMENT The bank statement shows the overall position of an account at a particular date. Bank statements are issued to customers as per their request. For this customer has to give his account number and specific period for which he wants to have this statement. CASH INSURANCE All the cash on the counter and in the locker is insured one of the most important responsibilities of cash department is to manage liquidity, but not to keep idle cash with it. Cash is kept according to branch requirement, which in Saudi Pak Commercial Bank MirPur is Rs.10,000,000. Amount of money exceeding it is sent to main branch which given interest on it. This interest is added to branchs profit. Here `2 to `3 million is sent to the head office. A large number of customers come to this department during working hours. Therefore staff should be cooperative and helpful. REMITTANCE DEPARTMENT â€Å"It is a process by which the amount of cash is transferred from one place to another either in or out of the city but not in the form of cash but through the involvement of two banks† Demand Draft: It is the request of one bank to other bank to pay a certain sum of money to or to the order of the person whose name is mentioned in DD. It is used for funds transferred outside the city. Telegraphic Transferred: It is also a request b one bank to another bank to pay a certain sum of money to or to the order of the certain person it is used for funds transferred out of city. Pay Order: It is a request which is made to the other bank to pay the amount of the person whose name is mentioned there. It is within the city. When the person has transfer funds to another person in the city or out of city then he comes to the bank and gives the application on the specified form called Remittance From. This form contains name of branch, date, bank branch name beneficiarys name, account number, bank branch name, city, mode of payment in which the payment is received by other option given for DD, TT, PLO or SBP cheque the particulars of the purchaser i.e sender and his address is also written. Then on the lower side a column for instruments number (which is to be issued, its amount and the rate is there. Then another column is for cost, telex changes, commission, postage, excise duty, with holding tax, and total is there and in the last applicants acknowledge is received. And the signatures of two authorized persons are there. After this an entry is made in the system and is authenticated by another person. After that for TT or DD advices is printed by the printer and with the form it is sent to the beneficiary bank and incase of pay order a specified form is for this purpose which is used and on this the print is made and is handled over to the customer and an advice is sent to the beneficiary bank and the customer can take money from that bank. The account of the beneficiarys banks is settled through entries in books with SBP. CLEARING It is process through which one may receive the amount of a cheque presented to the bank while the cheque is drawn on any other bank. Procedure: First of all in the morning the banks representative goes to the NIFT office andreceives the cheques which are drawn upon the branch but are presented in any other branch of the same bank of the same bank or any other bank. The main Branch receives cheques of other branches, which are in the Lahore City.Then in the branch, these cheques are sorted out on the basis of parties and the cheques of parties who are the credit arrangements, are sent to the Credit Deptt. for their confirmation or cancellation. But before sending to this, their signatures, amounts in words and figures are verified and dates are checked and the clearing stamps of the bank in which they were presented in seen and checked. The clearing stamps bears the date which is to come next date because the cheque are presents next day on the payee bank. In which these cheques are deposited and his signatures are seen there. Then the cheques which have no mistakes are entered in the system. The cheques which have an error i .e. , not having sufficient balance, post dated, out of date, or due to any other reason i.e. the sending or presenting bank may not properly present the cheques, the return slips are made for these cheques and on the slip, the main Branch name, Cheque #, and amount in works and figures in written. Then the entry in the return register is made and the signatures of the authorized persons are affixed on the register and on the return slip. In the register the reason of the cheque is also given and the slip contains number wise reason which are also marked like this (X) then the cheques which are sends Accounts department in the forms of supplies and the treatment with thee cheques is made here. The cheques, which are returned due to any reason, are returned to the presenting bank which returns these to the customers. Above is the procedure of cheques of main branch which are presented in other branches, now I come to the point where the cheques of other branches a presented in our branch. OUTWARD CLEARING: When one of our customers receives cheques of another bank or branch, but does not have any account in that branch. Then he deposits the cheque in his account through a credit slips and receiving the slip and cheques of other person, an entry in the system is made and stamps containing payees account only and clearing stamps bearing the next coming date is affixed on both the slip and on the cheques and, on the back the stamps of authorized person and his initials are made then all thee cheques are presented to another person for slip authenticated and verification it is because the error chances may be made minimum and at the time of closing the cheques are separated form the credit slips and, are attached with the photocopies of the cheques and are kept for banks records.And the cheques are handed over to the SBP through NIFT. And on the next daythe cheques go to their respective banks and if those banks are not satisfied then the cheques are come back and again are entered in the register on which, the bank in which these were drawn and these are presented is written and reason for their return is mentioned and are handed over to the customers by taking their signatures. INWARD CLEARING Signatures are necessary in case if less than 10000 one authentication less than 500,000 double by BOSS more than 500,000 third authentication which is by branch manager. The total of these cheques are entered in the suspense A/C debit the A/C of our customer the amount in the suspense A/C goes on reducing and at the end it shows the zero balance when the returned cheques are also dealt with the returned memos are made for cheques which are to be entered in the registered, date, name of presenting bank, cheques number, account number and amount is written and are signed by person memo is also signed and the total of those is made and the summary is made and these cheques are send to shift office with proper seal. When the inward clearing comes the SBP gives debit to our bank and when the cheques are returned dishonored a credit is given. The reverse is the case with outward clearing. Rs.250/- are received as charges on same day clearing and it is for the cheques of more than or equal to Rs.500,000/- and the cheque must be deposited before 10:00 am. Foreign Currency Department The department which makes the transactions of foreign currency and all related matters which are dealt in local currency. A form named as form M is used to maintain the record of the foreign currency dealt by this department because it is the requirement of SBP on monthly, quarterly, half yearly and on yearly basis. Here is a list of functions and -activities of the department; Functions: Foreign Currency Account Opening Government securities Issuance of Exchange Entry to Daily Exchange Rates Foreign Currency FDR/NDR/NDR-III Activities: Foreign Currency Account Opening: Checking of Documents before Account Opening Dispatching Letter of Thanks to Account Holders Dispatching Letter of Thanks to Introducer Issuance of FCY Cheque Book Recovering Provincial Tax on Cheque Book Issuance Account Closing Government Securities: Issuance: Special U.S. Dollar Bonds Receiving Application Verifying Signature and Checking Balance To Debit the Account Stock Out Entry in Stock Register Preparation of Balance Certificates Delivery to Customer after Affixing Required Stamps Sending Sale Statement to SBP through Karachi Branch Encashment: Special Original Instrument Checking of Instrument Affixing Encashment Stamps Preparing Debit Cash Voucher for Payment to Customer Making Payment from Suspense Account Reversing Suspense Account on Receiving Credit from SBP Issuing Encashment Certificates FEBCs (Foreign Exchange Bearer Certificate): Receiving Original Instrument Checking of Instrument Affixing Encashment Stamps Preparation of Debit Cash Voucher for Payment Making Payment from Suspense Account Deducting Challan Forms Surrendering Tax to SBP Preparing Encashment Reports Reversal of Suspense Entry on Receiving Credit from SBP Issuance of Encashemnt Certificate FCBCs (Foreign Currency Bearer Certificates): Same Steps followed as described above. Special U.S. Dollar Bonds: Preparation of Profit Coupon Affixing Stamps required by SBP Payment of Debit Cash Voucher Preparation of Profit Certificate for SBP Preparation of Profit Payment Report Reversal of Suspense Account on Receiving Credit from SBP Foreign Currency Bearer Certificates: Same Procedure followed as described Supply of Stock: Supply of Stock to Branches Supply of Profit Coupon Books to Branches Foreign Exchange Issuance: Checking of Documents Making Photocopies of ID Card, Ticket Passport Affixing Stamps on Ticket and Passport Obtaining Signature of Customer on TCs Receiving Payment to Debit the Account Delivery to Customer Entry in Stock-out Register Reversing Contra Liability Foreign Currency FDR/NDR/NDRP-III Encashment of FDR/NDR/NDRP-III Quarterly Payment of Profit on NDRP-III CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARMENT Customer services department is the department which keeps the customer needs fulfilled. Because the customers may feel problems in doing transactions with bank. So the customer service people keeps them aware of the customer needs.Two special posts of CRM and CRO are there and they all time ready to serve the people who come to bank. Personal Bankers are also there who ready to free the customers from their problems.CRM and CRO provides the people facility to know their account balances and to know the comments of the people about the performance of other departments. Special comment forms are used to know the views of the people about the performance of various personals of other departments. Another comment form is used to check the time which is spent on the encashment of a cheque through the cash department. The time starts when the token is received by the customer and ends when the payment is received. Daily 10 such forms are prepared and sent to management to know the efficiency of cash department people. Arrangements are made regarding the availability of written and printed material to the people who come in the bank. Daily reports of the accounts opened with the branch is made and is delivered to branch manager and efforts are made to increase the balance. Frequent meetings are held with Branch Manager to take fresh instructions and to get feed back to the management about the performance of personal bankers. For the service of people there is free offer of local phone calls to the customers. And their problems regarding their balances, Cheque Books, various documents and such other matters. In order to further reinforce our commitment towards priority service to our customers we have decided on the following: CREATION OF A PRIORITY BANKING AREA: The area currently occupied by the CRM, Account opening and personal bankers will be designated as the â€Å"Priority Banking Area†.CRM, Account opening and one priority banker will occupy this area. The Priority Banking Area will be exclusively for Priority Customers who not only hold a substantial amount in terms of deposit with the bank but also demand individual attention. PURPOSE OF PRIORITY BANKING: The basic purpose of priority banking is to provide a valued customer with a pleasant atmosphere in which all his banking requirements are met in the shortest time span possible. WHO IS A PRIORITY CUSTOMER? Individuals who retain an average deposit of 0.5M or above qualify as being a priority customer. However department Heads of various companies who have their corporate accounts with us also qualify. LEVEL OF SERVICE TO BE PROVIDED: As the name depicts the utmost level of priority is to be provided to priority cases. The code for Priority Customers is â€Å"PC† and its notification should ensure the highest level of priority, no matter which department it involves. ROLE OF BOSS, CRM CRO: Initially the CRM along with the Priority Banker are responsible for providing the priority customer with quality service. If another department is involved the Priority Banker will inform the head of the department or Boss with the status of the customer and what is needed. Whoever it is will then help and try to complete the process in the least possible time. RESPONSIBILITIES OF PRIORITY BANKER: Being on the look out for priority customers who enter. Approaching a customer and being the first to initiate a conversation by inquiring about his reason of visit. Handling of Priority Calls. Entertaining the customer with drinks while his visit. Assisting the CRM in his tasks of customer services. Providing the customer with all relevant information regarding his status with the bank. Making sure the Priority Area is clean at all times. Giving each and every customer individual attention. Maintaining a register of all complaints and reporting them to the Branch Manager. Providing the customer with several kinds of reading material to pass his time. Informing a personal banker if a specific client wants to meet him. GENERAL CUSTOMER SERVICE STANDARDS Always be courteous to the customer. Imagine yourself in the customers position and then start to service him the way you would want to be. Give full attention to the person sitting across your table. Do not engage in personal conversation over the phone or with another staff member while dealing with a customer. The job at hand must be dealt with utmost efficiency. If the need to leave a customer arises, explain to him why and return as soon as possible. Atleast one staff member should be present in all the departments at all times, even during lunch hour to accommodate a customer. Talking to a customer or staff member in a loud tone is to be avoided at all costs. If a certain staff member is to be called calling him out loud should be avoided, instead calling at his or at a nearby extension should be done. Be sure of what you are saying. Make sure that you know what you can and what you cant do for a customer. Stick by the commitments you have made to a customer. Give the customer a magazine or newspaper to kill time while he is waiting. Make sure that the customer knows that his work is being taken seriously. Is there such thing as complete synonymy? Is there such thing as complete synonymy? Complete synonymy is rare, and absolute synonymy hardly exists. Lyons (1981:148). Fromkin et al. (2003: 181) state that no two words ever have exactly the same meaning.. These quotations seem odd and unfamiliar to many people in general and I in particular. It is conventionally known that there are many synonyms in the lexicon sharing the same meaning. If a teacher asks one of his students what the opposite of the adjective big is, the student, based on his previous knowledge, will directly answers large. Languages in general- as to speak- have many synonyms, particularly the English language. It is rich in many examples such as plentiful and rich, pretty and attractive, combine and mix, student and pupil, sick and ill, happiness and joy and many others, just to name a few. These words share the same denotation- literal meaning which makes them synonyms and can be used as substitutes for each others to avoid repetition in writing and speaking. As to the complexity of meaning, a perso n looking for replacing a word with another word must choose a precise and accurate synonym. In this regard, many semanticists have presented studies on synonymy from different perspectives. Thus, there is a consensus regarding the difficulty of finding two perfect, absolute or complete words sharing the same synonymy. Semanticists have attacked the translation of words in two different languages as these words cannot mean exactly the same because of the different linguistic and social contexts they occur. But what about two synonyms in the same language?. The rarity or impossibility of perfect synonymy can clearly be discussed through the definition of synonymy, types- scale of synonymy and conditions of perfect synonymy, substitution tests and reasons of rarity. Defining synonymy is a difficult process. Maja, (2009) has argued that when it comes to giving a clear, precise and correct definition of synonymy, many difficulties arise. There are many approaches with many definitions of synonymy and types of synonyms because there are different ways in which synonyms may differ. Maja, (2009) has defined synonymy as the phenomenon of two or more different linguistic forms with the same meaning. Those linguistic forms are called synonyms, e.g. danger and risk can be substituted with one another in certain contexts. Synonymy in semantics is an inter-lexical sense relation. Synonymy is sameness of meaning (Palmer F. R. 1996:88, Lyons John 1996:60). Fromkin et al. (2003:181) has stated that: there are words that sound different but have the same or nearly the same meaning, such words are called synonyms.. John (1995) has also presented a definition indicating that expressions with the same meaning are synonyms. Two important points should be noted abo ut the definition. Firstly, it does not restrict relation of synonymy to lexemes; it allows for the possibility that lexically simple expressions may have the same meaning as lexically complex expressions. Secondly, it makes identity, not merely similarity, of meaning the criterion of synonymy. It is noteworthy that all linguists and semanticists such as Palmer, Lyons and Fromkin agree that synonymy means two words with the same meaning. I completely agree with these definitions from the perspective of sameness. However, I feel that such synonyms may resemble in meaning but they would differ in formality, style, or of some other aspects of connotations. All in all, the definition of synonymy is still a controversial subject among semanticists and difficult to find a specific definition for synonymy. The scale of synonymy is important for all to figure out the relationship between two synonyms. Cruse (2000:157) claims that a scale of synonymy can be established. The scale consists of absolute synonymy, cognitive synonymy and near-synonymy. First, absolute synonymy is set as the complete identity of all meanings of two or more lexemes in all contexts. However, it is unnatural for a language to have absolute synonyms, or lexemes with exactly the same meaning. It is generally accepted that absolute synonymy is impossible or non-existent. It is regarded only as a referential point on the alleged scale of synonymy or the initial criterion for the defining of synonymy (Cruse, 2000, 157). Second, as there are no two lexemes with absolutely the same meaning and no real synonyms, cognitive synonymy is what most semanticists would regard as synonymy. Lyons (1996:63) claims that many theories of semantics would restrict the notion of synonymy to what he calls descriptive or cognitive synony my, which is the identity of descriptive meaning. Third, near-synonyms are lexemes whose meaning is relatively close or more or less similar (mist/fog, stream/brook, dive/plunge). However, the given definition of near-synonymy is vague, because there isnt a precise correlation between synonymy and semantic similarity. Near-synonymy is associated with overlapping of meaning and senses. The senses of near-synonyms overlap to a great degree, but not completely (Murphy, 2003, 155). Moreover, unlike cognitive synonyms, near-synonyms can contrast in certain contexts: He was killed, but I can assure you he was NOT murdered, madam (Cruse, 2000, 159). Near-synonymy is regularly found in dictionaries of synonyms or thesauri where most of the terms listed under a single dictionary entry are not considered to be cognitive synonyms (e.g. govern direct, control, determine, require). The scale presented by Cruse is the most general. There are also other views. Lyons (1981:148) claims that there are absolute synonymy, complete synonymy, descriptive synonymy and near-synonymy. Noticeably, there is a new type compared to Cruse. According to Lyons (1981), complete synonyms must have the identity of all descriptive, social and expressive meaning in all contexts. Since most lexemes are polysemous- have different senses in different contexts, Murphy (2004:146) introduces logical synonyms- which include full synonyms and sense synonyms and near-synonyms. Denotationally equivalent words, whose all senses are identical such as (toilet/john), are called full synonyms, whereas sense synonyms share one or more senses, but differ in others, i.e. they have at least one identical sense (sofa/couch). Near-synonyms, as words with similar senses, are context-dependent. Cognitive synonyms are arguably what Murphy (2003) regards as sense synonyms. At last, there are many types of syn onyms proposed by linguists and semanticists regarding the types of synonymy. By now, it is almost true that absolute synonymy is extremely rare- at least a relation between lexemes- in natural languages. According to John (1995), two or more expressions are perfectly or absolutely anonymous if, and only if, they satisfy three conditions. First, all their meanings are identical. In other words, standard dictionaries of English treat the adjectives big and large as polysemous. For instance, they live in a big/large house. The two words would generally be regarded as synonymous. However, it is easy to show that these adjectives are not synonymous in all their meanings: i.e., that they fail to satisfy condition (1) and so are only partially, not absolutely or perfectly. I will tell my big sister is lexically ambiguous, by virtue of big; in a way that I will tell my large sister is not. All three sentences are well-formed and interpretable. They show that big has at least one meaning which it does not share with large. Second, they are synonymous in all contexts. The main issue here is what we call collocations- a set of contexts where an expression can occur. It might be thought that the collocational range of an expression is wholly determined by its meaning, so that synonyms must of necessity have the same collocational range. But this does not seem to be so. For example, big and large can be used as a good example. There are many contexts in which big cannot be substituted for large (in the meaning which big shares with large) without violating the collocational restrictions of the one or the other. For example, large is not interchangeable with big in: you are making a big mistake. The sentence you are making a large mistake is not only grammatically well-formed, but also meaningful. It is however collocationally unacceptable or unidiomatic. And yet big seems to have the same meaning in you are making a big mistake as it does in phrases such as a big house, for which we could, as we have seen, substitute a large house. It is attempting to argue, in cases like this, that there must be some subtle difference of lexical meaning which accounts for the collocational differences, such that it is not synonymy, but near-synonymy, that is involved. Third, they are semantically equivalent i.e., their meaning or meanings are identical on all dimensions of meaning, descriptive and non-descriptive. The most widely recognized dimension of meaning that is relevant to this condition is descriptive or propositional meaning. I think it is sufficient to say that two expressions have the same descriptive meaning if propositions containing the one necessarily imply otherwise identical propositions containing the other, and vice versa. By this criterion, big and large are descriptively synonymous (in one of their meanings and over a certain range of contexts). For instance, one cannot assert that someone lives in a big house and deny that they live in a large house. Another example is between the words bachelor and unma rried. Some people deny that these two expressions are descriptively synonymous on the grounds that a divorced man who is not married is not a bachelor. As for expressive or socio-expressive meaning, in order to determine that two or more descriptively synonymous expressions differ in respect of the degree or nature of their expressive meaning, it is obvious that a whole set of words including huge, enormous, gigantic and colossal are more expressive of their speakers feelings towards what they are describing than very big or very large, with which they are perhaps descriptively synonymous. It is difficult to compare huge, enormous, gigantic and colossal in terms of their degree of expressivity. But speakers may have clear intuitions about two or more of them. In the end, such conditions must be used to identify whether the two lexemes are synonyms or not and the three conditions have proved that perfect synonyms are not available in any language. Palmer (1981) differentiates between synonyms in terms of dialects, styles, emotive and evaluative values, collocational constraints and overlap of meanings of words. First, some synonyms go with different dialects of the language. For instance, the word movie is used in the United States and film is used in Britain. Second, some synonyms are used in different styles based on formality; colloquial, formal. For instance, depart (formal), go (informal). Third, some words differ only in their emotive or evaluative values but their cognitive meaning is the same. For instance, hide, conceal. Fourth, some words are subject to collocational restraints, i.e. they occur only with specific words. For instance, rancid occurs with butter, addled with eggs. Fifth, the meanings of some words overlap. For instance, mature, adult, ripe. If we take each of these words, we will have a larger set of synonyms. Palmer suggests a substitution test for judging whether two linguistic items are synonyms or n ot. Because perfect synonyms are mutually interchangeable in all contexts, it is rare to find perfect synonyms in a specific language. Anonyms are another way of testing synonymy. For instance, superficial is the opposite of deep and profound, while shallow is the opposite of deep only. Briefly, the true test of synonymy is substitutability: the ability of two words to be substituted for one another without a change in meaning. For instance, the example below contains the verb assist. The research assistant was available to assist patients completing the survey. If help is a synonym of assist, then it should be able to be substituted for assist in the above example without a change in meaning: The research assistant was available to help patients completing the survey. Help and assist can be considered as absolute synonyms, because the two sentences are identical in meaning, at least in the above contexts. Linguists and semanticists have extensively studied synonymy. Consequently, many reasons have been suggested regarding the impossibility of finding perfect synonyms. Firstly, Maja (2009) argued that the function or use of one of the two lexemes would gradually become unnecessary or unmotivated and, as a result, it would soon be abandoned or dropped. Secondly, their interchangeability in all the contexts can neither be demonstrated nor proved, for, on one hand, the number of contexts is infinite, and, on the other hand, the exceptions from absolute interchangeability are inevitable. Therefore, the lexicons of natural languages do not have absolute synonymy. Thirdly, Edmonds and Hirst (2002) also argued that if words were truly synonymous, they would need to be able to be substituted one for the other in any context in which their common sense is denoted with no change to truth value, communicative effect, or à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“meaningà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢. Fourt hly, each linguistic form is polysemous so that it is difficult to two lexemes sharing whose all meanings are identical in all contexts. In conclusion, there is a consensus among linguists and semanticists about the impossibility of finding two perfect linguistic forms in any language. They have attributed the impossibility to many reasons. Some semanticists tried to simplify the matter of types of synonymy by classifying synonyms based on their own perspectives. Therefore, there are many types suggested by them so that it is difficult to find a specific definition set by them. All studies conducted on synonymy have proved that no perfect synonyms are found in a language.

Traffic Signal/Road Marking Detection and Processing :: Driving Traffic Signals Argumentative Essays

Traffic Signal/Road Marking Detection and Processing Humans have visual cues that they naturally use to perceive their motion through the environment. There are numerous human factors that are associated with being able to navigate a vehicle safely while adhering to signal lights, signs and other traffic road markings. There needs to be vast improvement in the way that information is presented to drivers for many reasons. One example is that the placing of the sun during a particular part of the day prohibits one from distinguishing whether a traffic light is green or red. The elderly have difficulties reading certain signs or differentiating among the color of signal lights, even with their glasses on. Most everyone has less visual acuity at night and certain road markings or traffic lights are harder to perceive. Color blind people canÕt always tell the difference between a red light and a green light, and they may also have a hard time seeing brake lights, blinkers, etc. All of the situations mentioned above can lead to serious fatal accidents. Extensive research in this area has been conducted for many years and is still going on today. Driving is a complex task which involves a variety of interactive parallel and serial processes that depend on various visual functions. Vision plays a vital role in safe, proficient driving even though there are other sensory and motor systems that are used in driving. It has been estimated that 90% of the information used in driving is visual and that visual information alone might be sufficient for safe driving (Fox, 1997). Beyond these general statements, it has been difficult to determine what specific visual skills are used for driving that are important. Safe and efficient driving is Òa matter of perceptual-motor sensitivity to perceptual laws of locomotion in a spatiotemporal fieldÓ (Fox, 1997). Specifically, the driver must be aware of two fields: (1) the field of safe travel and (2) the minimum stopping zone. The field of safe travel refers to a field surrounded by actual and potential obstacles to locomotion. The minimum stopping zone refers to a field that is determined by variables like speed, visual/road conditions, etc. Car crashes occur when another car or stationary object is not perceived accurately. In order to guide a vehicle, the driver must (1) abstract important sensory information from the environment, (2) process this information accordingly to complete visuospatial tasks and (3) act accordingly to achieve task goals.

Canadian literature Essay

The very popular Canadian literature, The Lamp at Noon by Sinclair Ross, simply mirrors the reality scenario of couple or to any people who lacks of understanding and communication that oftentimes lead to tragic and unresolved problems. There are many factors to figure out the root in defining one’s role in society, such as the time period, the beliefs one holds, the setting in which one domesticates their life and more. Just like in the story, the time and the setting that the story takes place define the roles that the characters take on in the stories, and become central to the conflicts in many of the various relationships. The man in the story set up emotional barriers that the woman dare not overstep, in order to retain woman’s position as the simple housewife. The conflicts between the partners in the various relationships seem to suggest author’s view to the roles defined by society for men and women. To further understand and appreciate the story; the elements are dissected from characters, plot, theme, setting and to point of views. The imagery in the story is developed in non-human elements such as the natural environment, animals, and inanimate objects which are brought to life with characteristics that match those of the characters involved. These influence and reflect the emotions of the characters in the story The Lamp at Noon. The wind is a powerful force that changes with the emotions of Ellen and Paul. Sinclair describes the wind as two separate winds: â€Å"the wind in flight and the wind that pursues, Ellen cannot escape her isolation. The wind in flight always returns to â€Å"quake among the feeble eaves, as if in this entire dust-mad wilderness it knew no other sanctuary† . Ellen is also forced to seek refuge within her small home, which is also the place where she feels the most secluded; the wind outside often contrasts the silence that is encased inside. During an argument between Paul and Ellen, there is an uncomfortable silence as described â€Å"a deep fastness of it enclosed by rushing wind and creaking walls â€Å"This noise around them makes the silence within even more uncomfortable. Paul later finds the silence comforting when he is in the stable. It is described as a â€Å"deep hollow calm within, a vast darkness engulfed beneath the tides of moaning wind†. The silence protects him and brings him relief from the dangerous world outside. Unfortunately, the walls seem to weaken against the powerful wind, and â€Å"instead of release or escape from the assaulting wind, the walls are but a feeble stand against it†. Paul begins to understand what Ellen is feeling, and the wind screams like Ellen’s cries. As he thinks of ways to restore the land and make Ellen happy, the wind starts to slacken. For a short moment, he feels relief. When he returns to the house, he realizes that Ellen is gone. At this point, the wind whimpers and moans as if it knows Ellen’s isolation and Paul’s despair. The imagery of the wind is used by Sinclair to intensify the characters’ emotions and help the reader understand what the characters are experiencing. The lamp is another significant image in this story because it shows that this particular storm is different from the countless others. The act of lighting the lamp at noon tells that this storm is serious. Paul calls it â€Å"the worst wind yet† and says that he â€Å"had to light the lantern in the shed, too â€Å"The lamp also sets the mood between Ellen and Paul and gives us insight into their characters. â€Å"The lamp between them throws strong lights and shadows on their faces†. They look at the appearance of age that these lights and shadows emphasize in both of them. Paul’s effacement of youth gives him â€Å"sternness, an impassive courage†. He is content because the cost of his youth is worth â€Å"the fulfillment of his inmost and essential nature†. Ellen, however, has not gained anything in return for the cost of her youth. She has â€Å"the face of a woman that has aged without maturing† in the way that Paul has matured. The lamp creates tension between them during their argument. â€Å"It seems the yellow lamplight casts a hush upon them†. The light of the lamp causes the walls to recede, dim and come again, as a parallel to their continuing argument that keeps returning after never being fully resolved. When Paul returns to the house to find Ellen missing, he notices that the lamp has been blown out. The blown-out lamp signifies the death of the child and the end of their dreams for the future. The child was gone and so their future. The story anchors the theme of loneliness, isolation and survival. It particularly focuses on the insanity of the character of Ellen and the reasons for her becoming insane during the story. The relationship between Ellen and Paul plays out another story, that of the poor man who marries a rich wife. The chip on his shoulder and foolish pride prevent him from listening to his wife and acknowledging when it is time to change, to move on, and to put aside his pride to save his marriage and family. Ellen is the traditional wife, needing her husband, but locked in the rules of marriage and staying at the farm even though she knows she should leave to save her baby. Yet she stays and the baby dies. The guilt and shame of that decision and the isolation ultimately cause her insanity. † â€Å"The Lamp at Noon† would almost be classified as a suspense story, due to the factor of whether or not the crops will return. Also an unquestionably melodramatic tone, when the wife, Ellen, realizes having hope in her husband would be worthless. Ellen also realizes that, with or without her husband, Paul, she is doomed to suffering. Especially in the quarrel in the house, feelings of hopelessness and emptiness surround the ill-fated couple. These are the feelings that surrounded many farm families in the depression, so it is quite believable that this farm couple would be going through this turmoil. Paul, the husband, attempts to convince his wife that there is hope for him yet, although one could make the argument that he was lying to himself. He wants to assure his wife, as well as convince himself. It is the feeling of desperation and bleakness that intermingles with the words to create an accurate picture of the pairs’ lives. The depression was an era of plaintive indignation and somber discontent. Throughout Sinclair Ross’s story, she has explored and made believable to relate the fact setting in our society-the common situations; passages of empty dreams and hopelessness made it real. The credibility was in the character’s words and the nature of the relationship between the family and the farm. The family, in all aspects of life, is in a never-ending cycle of empty dreams and promises. This exists only for the far-off chance they may be rescued from their lives. The pair have little things to make themselves happy, spending their time arguing over who has it worse. And so, communication is really the key to eliminate chaos. Cited Works: Lesk, Andrew. â€Å"The Lamp at Noon and Other Stories†. The Literary Encyclopedia. 15 June 2005. â€Å"The use of setting and atmosphere in The Lamp at Noon, Sinclair Ross† Justin Jusilla. 2008.

Business Communications Essay

* Interim deadlines may be set by individual tutors * You must choose at least one of the two presentations referred to below in Tasks 2 and 6. It is expected that the presentations will take place the week beginning 21st January. A summary of the Assessment and Grading Criteria In order to pass this unit, the evidence that the learner presents for assessment needs to demonstrate that they can meet all the learning outcomes for the unit. The assessment criteria for a pass grade describe the level of achievement required to pass this unit. Summary of the Edexcel Assessment and Grading Criteria| To achieve a pass grade the evidence must show that the learner is able to:| To achieve a merit the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass criteria, the learner is able to:| To achieve a distinction grade the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass and merit criteria, the learner is able to:| P1 Explain different types of business information their sources and purpose.| M1 Analyse the content of P1| D1 Evaluate the appropriateness of business information used to make strategic decisions.| P2 Present complex internal business information using three different methods| M2 Expand on P5 and offer an analysis of the legal and ethical issues| D2 Evaluate the effectiveness of business information and its communication as key contributors to the success of an organisation, using examples to illustrate your points. Unit 4: Business Communications learning outcomes:- 1. Understand different types of business information 2. Be able to present business information effectively 3. Understand the issues and constraints in relation to the use of business information in organisations 4. Know how to communicate business information using appropriate methods. Assignment Task 1 Scenario – You have applied for a job in marketing communications working for Next plc (or another organisation of your choice). Prepare a paper entitled, â€Å"An explanation, analysis and evaluation of different types of information sources and purpose.† (P1, M1, D1). Please note that if you are aiming for a pass, you only need to write an explanation. If you are aiming for the merit you need to offer a detailed analysis and for a distinction you will need to demonstrate that you have evaluated your analysis e.g. look at the advantages and disadvantages of using various types of information sources. Task 2 Scenario You have been successful in your interview and you have been offered the job of assistant marketing communications advisor. Working with another member of the team, your first job is to prepare and deliver a 10 minute presentation on the subject of marketing research. This is to take place the week beginning the 21st January. Continuing to work with your partner, prepare a memorandum report for your supervisor, Jayne Koweleski, explaining the importance of competitor analysis, and design a press release for the general public, informing them of the benefits of on-line shopping with Next. (P2) Task 3 In a memorandum report to your supervisor write up an evaluation examining advantages and disadvantages of various types of business communications, in helping an organisation to improve its performance and be successful. Use a variety of examples to support your evaluation (D2). Task 4 Working with someone else in your marketing communications team, produce two different examples of corporate communications. One must be an advertisement for the press and the other a story board for a TV advertisement. This could be for NEXT plc or an organisation of your choice (P3). Task 5 Prepare an evaluation of two different types of external business communication. One could be a TV advert and another could be a press release. Examine the communication methods and assess their strengths and weaknesses. In the conclusion of your evaluation suggest ways in which the different forms of communication could be improved (P4). Task 6 Working with another member of the team, prepare and deliver a 10 minute presentation, the week beginning 21st January, entitled, â€Å"Understanding the legal, ethical and operational aspects of using business information†. In your presentation include reference to the Data Protection Act 1998, Freedom of Information Act 2000, The Computer Misuse Act 1990, backing up stored information, security of information, health and safety and organisational policies. (P5, P6). Task 7 Write an essay entitled, â€Å"An analysis of legal and ethical issues facing modern business.† (M2) Task 8 Prepare a training session for your colleagues on how to effectively communicate business information. Include in the session: understanding the audience (e.g. gender, expected attentiveness), the use of body language, verbal communication, listening, formal and informal communications (e.g. Meetings) written communication (memorandum), visual (e.g. the use of flow charts, graphs and pictures) electronic communications (e.g. e-mail) (P7).